a Marine Bony Fish in the Eel Family, 3 to 6 Feet

Social club of fishes

This commodity is about the elongated fish. For other uses, see Eel (disambiguation).

"Eels" redirects here. For the band, see Eels (ring).

Eels Temporal range: Cretaceous–recent [1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O South D C P T J K Pg North
Anguilla japonica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Grade:	Actinopterygii
Superorder:	Elopomorpha
Order:	Anguilliformes 50. S. Berg, 1943
Blazon genus
Anguilla Garsault, 1764[2]
Suborders
Protanguilloidei Synaphobranchoidei Muraenoidei Chlopsoidei Congroidei Moringuoidei Saccopharyngoidei Anguilloidei

Eels are ray-finned fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes (aka cousin of the fish) (), which consists of eight suborders, 19 families, 111 genera, and almost 800 species. Eels undergo considerable development from the early larval stage to the eventual adult stage, and most are predators.

The term "eel" is also used for another eel-shaped fish, such every bit electric eels (genus Electrophorus), spiny eels (family Mastacembelidae), and deep-sea spiny eels (family Notacanthidae). These other clades, however, evolved their eel-similar shapes independently from the true eels. Eels live both in salt water and fresh water and some species are catadromous.

Description [edit]

Eels are elongated fish, ranging in length from 5 cm (two in) in the one-jawed eel (Monognathus ahlstromi) to iv m (13 ft) in the slender giant moray.^[3] Adults range in weight from 30 g (i oz) to well over 25 kg (55 lb). They possess no pelvic fins, and many species as well lack pectoral fins. The dorsal and anal fins are fused with the caudal fin, forming a single ribbon running along much of the length of the animal.^[1] Eels swim by generating waves which travel the length of their bodies. They can swim backwards by reversing the direction of the wave.^[four]

Nearly eels live in the shallow waters of the ocean and couch into sand, mud, or amongst rocks. A majority of eel species are nocturnal, thus are rarely seen. Sometimes, they are seen living together in holes, or "eel pits". Some species of eels also live in deeper water on the continental shelves and over the slopes deep equally 4,000 grand (13,000 ft). But members of the Anguilla regularly inhabit fresh water, but they, likewise, render to the ocean to breed.^[5]

The heaviest true eel is the European conger. The maximum size of this species has been reported equally reaching a length of iii m (ten ft) and a weight of 110 kg (240 lb).^[6] Other eels are longer, but practice not weigh equally much, such as the slender giant moray which reaches 4 m (13 ft).^[7]

Lifecycle [edit]

Eels brainstorm life as flat and transparent larvae, called leptocephali. Eel larvae drift in the surface waters of the body of water, feeding on marine snowfall, small particles that float in the h2o. Eel larvae then metamorphose into drinking glass eels so become elvers before finally seeking out their juvenile and adult habitats.^[three] Many eels remain in the sea throughout their lives, but freshwater elvers of eels in the family Anguillidae travel upstream and are forced to climb up obstructions, such as weirs, dam walls, and natural waterfalls.

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  Larval eels become drinking glass eels as they transition from the ocean to fresh water

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  As freshwater elvers, eels work their way upstream

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  Mature silver stage eels migrate back to the ocean in order to mate

Lady Colin Campbell found that the eel fisheries at Ballisodare were greatly improved by the hanging of loosely plaited grass ladders over barriers, enabling elvers to ascend more easily.^[viii]

Classification [edit]

A number of classifications of eels exist; some, such as FishBase, carve up eels into xx families, whereas other classifications such as ITIS and Systema Naturae 2000 include boosted eel families, which are noted beneath the family with which they are synonymized in the FishBase system.

Identifying the origin of the freshwater species is considered to be problematic; still, genomic studies indicate they are a monophyletic group which originated among the deep-body of water eels.^[9]

Suborders and families [edit]

Taxonomy based on Nelson, Grande and Wilson 2016.^[x]

• Suborder Protanguilloidei
  • Family Protanguillidae
• Suborder Synaphobranchoidei
  • Family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels) [incl. Dysommidae, Nettodaridae, and Simenchelyidae]
• Suborder Muraenoidei
  • Family Heterenchelyidae (mud eels)
  • Family unit Myrocongridae (thin eels)
  • Family Muraenidae (moray eels)
• Suborder Chlopsoidei
  • Family Chlopsidae (false morays)
• Suborder Congroidei
  • Family Congridae (congers) [incl. Macrocephenchelyidae; Colocongridae]
  • Family Derichthyidae (longneck eels) [incl. Nessorhamphidae]
  • Family Muraenesocidae (expressway congers)
  • Family Nettastomatidae (duckbill eels)
  • Family unit Ophichthidae (snake eels)
• Suborder Moringuoidei
  • Family Moringuidae (spaghetti eels)
• Suborder Saccopharyngoidei
  • Family Eurypharyngidae (pelican eels, umbrellamouth gulpers)
  • Family unit Saccopharyngidae
  • Family Monognathidae (onejaw gulpers)
  • Family Cyematidae (bobtail snipe eels)
• Suborder Anguilloidei
  • Family unit Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
  • Family unit Nemichthyidae (snipe eels)
  • Family unit Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels)

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In some classifications, the family Cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the Anguilliformes, but in the FishBase system that family is included in the guild Saccopharyngiformes.

The electric eel of S America is non a true eel, but is a South American knifefish more closely related to the carps and catfishes.

Phylogeny [edit]

Phylogeny based on Johnson et al. 2012.^[11]

Commercial species [edit]

Primary commercial species
Common name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Mutual length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	FishBase	FAO	ITIS	IUCN status
American eel	Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817)	152 cm	50 cm	seven.33 kg	43 years	three.vii	[12]		[13]	Endangered [14]
European eel	Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	150 cm	35 cm	6.6 kg	88 years	3.5	[15]	[16]	[17]	Critically endangered [18]
Japanese eel	Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1846	150 cm	40 cm	i.89 kg		3.half-dozen	[xix]	[20]	[21]	Endangered [22]
Short-finned eel	Anguilla australis Richardson, 1841	130 cm	45 cm	vii.48 kg	32 years	4.1	[23]		[24]	Near Threatened [25]

Use by humans [edit]

Eel picker in Maasholm, sculpture by Bernd Maro

Freshwater eels (unagi) and marine eels (conger eel, anago) are ordinarily used in Japanese cuisine; foods such as unadon and unajū are popular, simply expensive. Eels are also very popular in Chinese cuisine, and are prepared in many different means. Hong Kong eel prices take often reached thou HKD (128.86 US Dollars) per kg, and once exceeded 5000 HKD per kg. The European eel and other freshwater eels are mostly eaten in Europe, the Us, and other places. Today, the european eel is considered critically endangered.^[26] A traditional east London food is jellied eels, although the demand has significantly declined since World War 2. The Spanish cuisine delicacy angulas consists of elver (immature eels) sautéed in olive oil with garlic; elvers ordinarily reach prices of up to 1000 euro per kg.^[27] New Zealand longfin eel is a traditional Māori food in New Zealand. In Italian cuisine, eels from the Valli di Comacchio, a swampy zone along the Adriatic coast, are peculiarly prized, forth with freshwater eels of Bolsena Lake and swimming eels from Cabras, Sardinia. In northern Federal republic of germany, holland, the Czech republic, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden, smoked eel is considered a delicacy.

Elvers, often fried, were formerly a cheap dish in the U.k.. During the 1990s, their numbers complanate beyond Europe.^[28] They are now a effeminateness, the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland'southward most expensive species.^[29]

Eels, particularly the moray eel, are popular amidst marine aquarists.

Eel blood is toxic to humans^[xxx] and other mammals,^{[31] [32] [33]} but both cooking and the digestive process destroy the toxic protein. The toxin derived from eel blood serum was used by Charles Robert Richet in his Nobel Prize-winning research which discovered anaphylaxis (by injecting it into dogs and observing the effect).^{[ commendation needed ]} The poisonous substance used past Richet was actually obtained from ocean anemones.^[34]

Eelskin leather is highly prized. Information technology is very smooth and exceptionally strong. It does not come up from eels. It comes from the Pacific hagfish, a jawless fish which is also known as the slime eel.^{[35] [36]}

In culture [edit]

The large lake of Almere, which existed in the early Medieval Netherlands, got its proper noun from the eels which lived in its water (the Dutch word for eel is aal or ael, so: "ael mere" = "eel lake"). The name is preserved in the new metropolis of Almere in Flevoland, given in 1984 in memory of this body of water on whose site the town is located.

The daylight passage in the spring of elvers upstream forth the Thames was at one fourth dimension called "eel fare". The word 'elver' is thought to be a corruption of "eel fare."^[8]

A famous attraction on the French Polynesian island of Huahine (function of the Society Islands) is the bridge beyond a stream hosting three- to six-pes-long eels, deemed sacred by local culture.

Eel fishing in Nazi-era Danzig plays an of import office in Günter Grass' novel The Tin Drum. The cruelty of humans to eels is used as a metaphor for Nazi atrocities, and the sight of eels being killed by a fisherman triggers the madness of the protagonist's female parent.

Sinister implications of eels fishing are as well referenced in Jo Nesbø's The Cockroaches, the second book of the Harry Hole detective series. The volume's groundwork includes a Norwegian village where eels in the nearby body of water are rumored to feed on the corpses of drowned humans, making the eating of these eels verge on cannibalism.

Sustainable consumption [edit]

In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the European eel, Japanese eel, and American eel to its seafood red listing.^[37] Japan consumes more than 70% of the global eel grab.^[38]

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  Eel fishing gunkhole in French republic

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  Special boats to transport live eels Comacchio

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  Eel trap in Denmark effectually 1900

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  Gerookte paling (Dutch for smoked eel)

Etymology [edit]

The English language proper name "eel" descends from Sometime English ǣl, Common Germanic *ēlaz. Besides from the common Germanic are W Frisian iel, Dutch aal, German Aal, and Icelandic áll. Katz (1998) identifies a number of Indo-European cognates, among them the 2nd office of the Latin word for eels, anguilla, attested in its simplex course illa (in a glossary but), and the Greek word for "eel", egkhelys (the 2nd function of which is attested in Hesychius as elyes).^[39] The beginning chemical compound member, anguis ("ophidian"), is cognate to other Indo-European words for "serpent" (compare Quondam Irish escung "eel", Onetime Loftier German language unc "snake", Lithuanian angìs, Greek ophis, okhis, Vedic Sanskrit áhi, Avestan aži, Armenian auj, iž, Old Church Slavonic *ǫžь, all from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ogʷʰis).The word also appears in the Old English word for "hedgehog," which is igil (meaning "snake eater"), and mayhap in the egi- of Old High German language egidehsa "wall lizard".^{[xl] [41]}

According to this theory, the name Bellerophon (Βελλεροφόντης, attested in a variant Ἐλλεροφόντης in Eustathius of Thessalonica), is also related, translating to "the slayer of the serpent" (ahihán). On this theory, the ελλερο- is an describing word course of an older word, ελλυ, meaning "ophidian", which is directly comparable to Hittite ellu-essar- "snake pit". This myth likely came to Greece via Anatolia. In the Hittite version of the myth, the dragon is called Illuyanka: the illuy- part is cognate to the word illa, and the -anka part is cognate to angu, a word for "snake". Since the words for "ophidian" (and similarly shaped animals) are often subject to taboo in many Indo-European (and non-Indo-European) languages, no unambiguous Proto-Indo-European course of the give-and-take for eel can be reconstructed. It may have been *ēl(l)-u-, *ēl(50)-o-, or something similar.

Timeline of genera [edit]

Timeline

Come across also [edit]

• Elver pass

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Anguilliformes" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
2. ^ Pl. 661 in Garsault, F. A. P. de 1764. Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy medecin, dessinés d'après nature par Mr. de Gasault, gravés par Mrs. Defehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet &c. Niquet scrip. [5]. - pp. [i-4], index [1-twenty], Pl. 644-729. Paris.
3. ^ ^{a b} McCosker, John F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, Westward.Due north. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 86–90. ISBN0-12-547665-5.
4. ^ Long Jr, J. H., Shepherd, W., & Root, R. Chiliad. (1997). Manueuverability and reversible propulsion: How eel-like fish swim forward and astern using travelling body waves". In: Proc. Special Session on Bio-Engineering Enquiry Related to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 10th Int. Symp. (pp. 118–134).
5. ^ Prosek, James (2010). Eels: An Exploration. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-056611-ane.
6. ^ Conger conger, European conger: fisheries, gamefish, aquarium. Fishbase.org
7. ^ FishBase Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. FishBase (2011-11-15).
8. ^ ^{a b} Campbell, Lady Colin (1886). A Volume of the Running Brook: and of Still Waters. New York: O. Judd Co. pp. ix, 18.
9. ^ Inoue, Jun G.; et al. (2010). "Deep-ocean origin of the freshwater eels". Biol. Lett. 6 (iii): 363–366. doi:ten.1098/rsbl.2009.0989. PMC2880065. PMID 20053660.
10. ^ Nelson, Joseph South.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the Globe (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781118342336.
11. ^ Johnson, G. D.; Ida H.; Sakaue J.; Sado T.; Asahida T.; Miya Chiliad. (2012). "A 'living fossil' eel (Anguilliformes: Protanguillidae, fam nov) from an undersea cavern in Palau". Proceedings of the Royal Social club. (in press) (1730): 934–943. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2011.1289. PMC3259923. PMID 21849321.
12. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Anguilla rostrata " in FishBase. May 2012 version.
13. ^ "Anguilla rostrata". Integrated Taxonomic Information Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
14. ^ Jacoby, D.; Casselman, J.; DeLucia, M.; Gollock, Grand. (2017) [amended version of 2014 assessment]. "Anguilla rostrata". IUCN Scarlet List of Threatened Species. 2017: eastward.T191108A121739077. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.Britain.2017-3.RLTS.T191108A121739077.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
15. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Anguilla anguilla " in FishBase. May 2012 version.
16. ^ Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved xx May 2012.
17. ^ "Anguilla anguilla". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
18. ^ Throughway, C.; Crook, 5.; Gollock, Thou. (2020). "Anguilla anguilla". IUCN Ruddy List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60344A152845178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-ii.RLTS.T60344A152845178.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
19. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Anguilla japonica " in FishBase. May 2012 version.
20. ^ Anguilla japonica, Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved May 2012.
21. ^ "Anguilla japonica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved twenty May 2012.
22. ^ Jacoby, D. & Gollock, M. (2014). "Anguilla japonica". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T166184A1117791. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T166184A1117791.en . Retrieved iv January 2018.
23. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Anguilla australis " in FishBase. May 2012 version.
24. ^ "Anguilla australis". Integrated Taxonomic Information Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
25. ^ Pike, C.; Cheat, V.; Gollock, M. (2019) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Anguilla australis". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T195502A154801652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.U.k..2019-2.RLTS.T195502A154801652.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
26. ^   Acou, Anthony et al. "Assessment of the Quality of European Silver Eels and Tentative Approach to Trace the Origin of Contaminants – A European Overview." The science of the full environment. 743 (2020): n. pag. Web.
27. ^ "Buber's Basque Page: Angulas".
28. ^ Champken, Neil (two June 2006). "Would you pay £600 for a handful of baby eels?". theguardian.com . Retrieved seven April 2015.
29. ^ Leake, Jonathan (7 February 2015). "EU's eel edict costs UK £100m". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved seven April 2015.
30. ^ "Poison in the Claret of the Eel" (PDF). 9 Apr 1899. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
31. ^ "The plight of the eel (mentions that "Only 0.i ml/kg is plenty to kill small mammals, such as a rabbit..." BBC online . Retrieved 22 January 2010.
32. ^ "Blood serum of the eel." Grand. Sato. Nippon Biseibutsugakukai Zasshi (1917), 5 (No. 35), From: Abstracts Bact. i, 474 (1917)
33. ^ "Hemolytic and toxic properties of certain serums." Wm. J. Keffer, Albert E. Welsh. Mendel Bulletin (1936), 8 76–80.
34. ^ "Charles Robert Richet". encyclopedia.com.
35. ^ snopes (four Dec 2015). "Eelskin Demagnitizes : snopes.com". Snopes . Retrieved 21 Apr 2010.
36. ^
37. ^ "Greenpeace Seafood Red list". Greenpeace International.
38. ^ "Indonesia eel hot detail for smugglers". The Japan Times. 29 July 2013. Retrieved xxx July 2013.
39. ^ Katz, J. (1998). "How to be a Dragon in Indo-European: Hittite illuyankas and its Linguistic and Cultural Congeners in Latin, Greek, and Germanic". In Jasanoff; Melchert; Oliver (eds.). Mír Curad. Studies in Honor of Calvert Watkins. Innsbruck. pp. 317–334. ISBN3-85124-667-5.
40. ^ Arai, Takaomi (22 February 2016). Biology and Environmental of Anguillid Eels. CRC Printing. ISBN978-one-4822-5516-4.
41. ^ Ross, Stephen T.; Brenneman, William Max (2001). The Inland Fishes of Mississippi. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN978-1-57806-246-one.

Further references [edit]

• Tesch FW and White RJ (2008). The Eel. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405173438.
• Patrik Svensson (2019). The Book of Eels, English translation (2020) by Agnes Broomé, published by ecco, ISBN 9780062968814.

External links [edit]

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Anguilliformes" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
• "Anguilliformes". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
• "Apodes". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• "The Natural History of the Eel", historical aspect, Scientific American, 10 August 1878, Vol. 39, No. half-dozen, p. 79

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel

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